Welcome to
Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery Park
About
This website was created by Katherine Hinman for her thesis in the Museology M.A. Program at the University of Washington. It is intended to be a demonstration of the application of museum-based interpretive strategies to a historic cemetery, and the potential of informal learning experiences in cemeteries.
Katherine on Prospect Hill at the Fredericksburg Battlefield.
Special Thanks
Thank you to everyone who helped make this project possible!
Thesis Committee:
Dr. Lane Eagles, Chair
Dr. Manish Chalana
Tom Easthope
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Friends of GAR Cemetery Park:
Tom Easthope
Dirk Ehlert
Sibyl Frankenburg
Anna Rudd
Randy Urmston
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Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War:
Loran Bures
Jim Dimond
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Interviews:
Loran Bures
Jim Dimond
Tom Easthope
Dirk Ehlert
Sibyl Frankenburg
Karen Kiest
Ethan Morgan
Anna Rudd
Randy Urmston
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Research Assistance:
Richard Heisler, Civil War Seattle
Lisa Oberg
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Support & Supplementary Photography:
Allyson Alvis
Kristan Hinman
Sterling Hinman
Sydney Kasper
Bibliography
Addison W. Hastie
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Morris, Roy J. “The Legendary Lincoln-Douglas Debates.” Civil War Quarterly, Warfare History Network, Summer 2016. Accessed April 20, 2024.
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“Taps.” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, December 30, 1924: 4.
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"The Black Hills Country." Daily Inter Ocean, July 12, 1886: 7.
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“Veterans March in Parade.” Seattle Daily Times, May 30, 1921: 15.
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“War veterans of County at Picnic.” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 23, 1915: 7.
Albert A. Manning​
Andrews, Mildred. “Arthur Denny Proposes White-Woman Suffrage Amendment in the Territorial Legislature’s First Session on February 28, 1854.” History Link, February 16, 2003. Accessed April 23, 2024. https://www.historylink.org/File/5211.
Andrews, Mildred. “Susan B. Anthony Addresses Territorial Legislature on October 19, 1871, Then Helps Found Washington Woman Suffrage Association.” History Link, September 27, 2003. Accessed April 23, 2024. https://www.historylink.org/File/5557.
Anthony, Susan B. “October 17, 1871,” Diary Entry. Susan B. Anthony Papers: Daybook and Diaries, Library of Congress. Accessed April 23, 2024. https://www.loc.gov/resource/mss11049.mss11049-001_00683_00886/?sp=152&st=text&r=-0.113,-0.037,1.232,0.895,0.
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“Commanders of the Local G.A.R.” The Seattle Sunday Times, May 28, 1905. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.ezproxy.spl.org/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&t=favorite%3ASEATTLE%21Seattle%20Times%20Collection%20with%20Historical%20Archives&sort=YMD_date%3AA&fld-base-0=alltext&maxresults=20&val-base-0=%22a.a.%20manning%22&docref=image/v2%3A127D718D1E33F961%40EANX-NB-12827AEAA6465FAC%402416994-12826D17844C6146%4042-12826D17844C6146%40.
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Dattel, Eugene R. “Cotton and the Civil War.” Mississippi History Now, Mississippi Historical Society, July 2008. Accessed April 20, 2024. https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/cotton-and-the-civil-war#:~:text=When%20the%20southern%20states%20seceded,for%20the%20fledgling%20Confederate%20nation.
Dunkerly, Bert. “Siege of Suffolk.” Blue and Gray Education, April 20, 2020. https://www.blueandgrayeducation.org/pdfs/newsletters/Dispatch_20-Apr-20.pdf.
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Fahey, John. “The Nevada Bloomer Case: An Obedient Wife Played a Key Role in Delaying Women’s Suffrage in Washington.” Columbia: The Magazine of Northwest History, no. 2 vol. 2 (Summer 1988): 1-4. Accessed April 23, 2024.
“Fair Notice for Tuesday.” The Seattle Post Intelligencer, September 23, 1879. Accessed April 17, 2024. https://www.newspapers.com/image/333579467/?match=1&terms=%22a.a.%20manning%22.
Hayward, Nancy. “Susan B. Anthony.” National Women’s History Museum, 2018. Accessed April 23, 2024. https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/susan-b-anthony.
“History of Women’s Suffrage in Olympia.” Olympia Historical Society and Bigelow House Museum. Accessed April 23, 2024. https://olympiahistory.org/history-of-womens-suffrage-in-olympia/.
Menges, Gary L. “The University of Washington’s Early Days.” No Finer Site: The University of Washington’s Early Days on Union Bay, University of Washington Special Collections, October 1995. Accessed April 19, 2024. https://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/collections/exhibits/site/early.
Muhich, Peri. “Mercer Girls.” History Link, May 7, 1999. Accessed April 18, 2024. https://www.historylink.org/file/1125.
“New Directors.” The Seattle Post Intelligencer, October 16, 1876. Accessed April 18, 2024. https://www.newspapers.com/image/333583497/?match=1&terms=%22a.a.%20manning%22.
“Original Mercer Girls.” Mercer Girls Chapter: Daughters of the American Revolution. Accessed April 18, 2024. https://seattlemercergirls.com/who-were-the-original-mercer-girls/.
“Teachers Wanted.” The Lowell Courier, January 23, 1864. Accessed April 18, 2024. https://archive.org/details/lowellcourier_1864_01_roll4a/page/n43/mode/2up?q=mercer.
“The Gilman of His Day: Interesting Reminisces Regarding A.S. Mercer.” The Seattle Post Intelligencer, September 16, 1888. Accessed April 15, 2024. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-seattle-post-intelligencer-mercer-gi/23510100/.
University of Washington Special Collections. “A Ballot for the Ladies: Washington Women’s Struggle for the Vote (1850-1910).” 2010. Accessed April 23, 2024. https://content.lib.washington.edu/exhibits/suffrage/index.html?_gl=1*15v6yre*_ga*MjMyOTUyMTkyLjE3MDQ0ODgzNTM.*_ga_63X2ZQHK8P*MTcxMzkxMDYwOC4xOS4wLjE3MTM5MTA2MTAuMC4wLjA.
“Voting Rights for Women, Women’s Suffrage.” A Tradition of Independence: A Timeline of Voting and Elections in Washington State, Washington Secretary of State. Accessed April 23, 2024. https://www2.sos.wa.gov/elections/timeline/suffrage.htm.
Ward, Jean M. “Abigail Scott Duniway (1834-1915).” Oregon Encyclopedia, Oregon Historical Society, June 15, 2022. Accessed April 21, 2024. https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/abigail_scott_duniway/.
“Women Gain the RIght to Vote in Washington Territory.” Primarily Washington: Gateway to Pacific Northwest Primary Source Materials for Librarians, Teachers, and Students, Washington State Library, Washington State Archives, Legacy Washington. Accessed April 23, 2024. https://primarilywashington.org/exhibits/show/road-to-equality/women-gain-the-right.
“Woman Suffrage Convention.” The New Northwest, October 27, 1871. Accessed April 23, 2024. https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84022673/1871-10-27/ed-1/?sp=2&st=text&r=0.072,0.074,0.209,0.248,0.
“1854-1912: The Road to Suffrage.” Women in the Legislature, Washington State Legislature, 2013. Accessed April 23, 2024. https://web.leg.wa.gov/womeninthelegislature/1854-1912.htm.
Community
Anna Rudd, interview by Katherine Hinman, February 12, 2024.
Barber, Mike. “Spit, Polish for Civil War Cemetery.” The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 21, 2003. Accessed February 11, 2024. https://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/spit-polish-for-civil-war-cemetery-1124951.php.
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Dirk Ehlert, interview by Katherine Hinman, February 12, 2024.
Friends of the Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery Park, “Agenda & Timeline,” July 31, 2002. Courtesy of Tom Easthope.
Friends of the Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery Park, “Agenda & Meeting Minutes,” November 13, 2002. Courtesy of Tom Easthope.
Friends of the Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery Park, “Agenda & Work Plan,” February 9, 2004. Courtesy of Tom Easthope.
Friends of the Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery Park. “Working Plan: Recommendations,” December 12, 2002. Courtesy of Tom Easthope.
Kiest, Karen. “Concept Plan: Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery Park,” Friends of the Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery Park, Talley & Kolb Landscape Architects, February 2003. Courtesy of Karen Kiest.
Randy Urmston, interview by Katherine Hinman, February 11, 2024.
Sibyl Frankenburg, interview by Katherine Hinman, February 13, 2024.
Tom Easthope, interview by Katherine Hinman, January, 2024.
Wells, Cynthia. “Small and Simple Projects Fund 2003 Application: Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery Park,” City of Seattle Department of Neighborhoods, January 3, 2003. Courtesy of Tom Easthope.
Daniel A. Reams
“Civil War ‘Vet’ Dies.” The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 9, 1943: 9.
“Daniel Reams, G.A.R. Veteran, Nearly 97, Dies.” The Seattle Times, October 9, 1943: 5.
Denfeld, Duane Colt. “Gale, Hiram R. (1846 -1951).” History Link, January 2, 2018. Accessed May 16, 2024. https://www.historylink.org/File/20254.
Flagel, Thomas R. “How the 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Came to be the ‘Greatest Gathering of Conqueror and Conquered.” Zocalo Public Square, University of Arizona, February 6, 2020. Accessed May 16, 2024. https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2020/02/06/how-the-1913-gettysburg-reunion-came-to-be-the-greatest-gathering-of-conqueror-and-conquered-in-history/ideas/essay/.
“Historical Note: Puget Sound Power and Light Company Records, 1888 - 1990.” Western Washington University. Accessed May 15, 2024. https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv03427.
“In Remembrance of America’s War Dead.” The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 31, 1940: 3.
“Kiss for ‘Gramp.’” The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 14, 1942: 3.
“Lives on Borrowed Time for 80 Years.” The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 23, 1941: 6.
“Old Veterans Now En Route to Gettysburg.” The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 27, 1938: 3.
“Reams, Daniel.” Soldier Details, National Park Service. Accessed May 16, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-soldiers-detail.htm?soldierId=1AFCECC6-DC7A-DF11-BF36-B8AC6F5D926A.
“Seattle Remembers Heroic War Dead.” The Seattle Post Intelligencer, May 31 1939: 13.
“Six G.A.R. Veterans Hold Quiet Jubilee.” The Seattle Daily Times, April 6, 1941: 14.
“1938 Reunion Then and Now.” Gettysburg National Military Park, National Park Service. Accessed May 16, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/gett/learn/photosmultimedia/1938-reunion-then-and-now.htm.
Elizabeth J. Aufderheide
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https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/hornbeck_usa_2_d/16.
Bitikofer, Sheritta. “Celebrating the Trials of NIneteenth Century Motherhood.” Emerging Civil War, May 14, 2023. Accessed May 14, 2024. https://emergingcivilwar.com/2023/05/14/celebrating-the-trials-of-nineteenth-century-motherhood/.
Faust, Drew Gilpin. “Realizing,” in This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War. New York: Random House, 2008.
“Female Homesteaders.” Nebraska Public Media Foundation. Accessed May 14, 2024. https://www.nebraskastudies.org/en/1850-1874/who-were-the-settlers-who-was-daniel-freeman/female-homesteaders/.
Janney, Caroline E. “Mourning During the Civil War.” Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Humanities, December 7, 2020. Accessed May 14, 2024. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/mourning-during-the-civil-war/.
Kenzer, Robert C. “Civil War Pensions.” Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Humanities, December 7, 2020. Accessed May 14, 2024. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/civil-war-pensions/#:~:text=Those%20widows%20whose%20husbands%20had,to%20receive%20pensions%20as%20well.
Land Assessment. United States Bureau of Land Management, September 23, 1878.
Mckenna-Ratjen, Victoria. “Mourning in the Victorian Era and Glenview.” Hudson River Museum. Accessed May 14, 2024. https://www.hrm.org/mourning-in-the-victorian-era-and-glenview/#:~:text=Women%2C%20however%2C%20especially%20close%20relatives,a%20year%20and%20one%20day..
Oberg, Lisa and Amber Brock. "Elizabeth Aufderheide," in Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery Tour, August 2013. Provided courtesy of Lisa Oberg.
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“Order of Hearing on Petition for Appointment of Guardian.” The Gering Courier, April 28, 1893: 3.
Pension Record. United States General Index to Pension Files, 1865.
Sneddon, Matthew. “Northwest Homesteader” Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington. Accessed May 14, 2024. https://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/Website/Classroom%20Materials/Curriculum%20Packets/Homesteading/II.html#:~:text=A%20claimant%20had%20seven%20years,to%20the%20land%20was%20granted.
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Frank Bois
“Bois, Frank.” Soldier Details, National Park Service. Accessed May 16, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-soldiers-detail.htm?soldierId=91A49F83-DC7A-DF11-BF36-B8AC6F5D926A.
“Centennial’s Second Trip: Sails for Nome with 54 Passengers and 1,500 Tons Cargo.” The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 9, 1901: 6.
“Cincinnati I (Stern-wheel Gunboat).” Naval History and Heritage Command, June 30, 2015. Accessed May 16, 2024. https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/cincinnati-i.html.
“Frank Bois.” Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Accessed May 16, 2024. https://www.cmohs.org/recipients/frank-bois.
“Iron-Clad Gun-Boat ‘Cincinnati Sunk at Vicksburg.” Harper’s Weekly, Volume 7, Issue 338, June 20, 1863: 0.
Kohl, Frank. “Grant at Vicksburg.” Palo Alto Battlefield National History Park, National Park Service, August 4, 2022. Accessed May 14, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/grant-at-vicksburg.htm.
“Medals of Honor Won By Veterans.” The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 27, 1913: 18.
“Supplies, Survival, and Success: Civil War Quartermaster.” Fort Scott National Historic Site, National Park Service, February 4, 2024. Accessed May 15, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/teachers/classrooms/cw-quartermaster.htm.
“The Military Staff: Roles to Maintain the Armies of the Civil War.” American Battlefield Trust, November 17, 2023. Accessed May 15, 2024. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/military-staff.
“Vicksburg.” American Battlefield Trust. Accessed May 16, 2024. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/vicksburg.
Gideon S. Bailey
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Black Diamond History. “Franklin: Everything You’ve Always Wanted to Know,” February 4, 2011. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://blackdiamondhistory.wordpress.com/2011/02/04/franklin-everything-you-always-wanted-to-know/.
“Black History Timeline,” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Accessed April 17, 2024. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en.
Cho, Nancy. “National Afro-American Council (1887-1893),” BlackPast, December 19, 2009. Accessed April 14, 2024. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/national-afro-american-league-1887-1893/.
Jones, Reinette. “National Afro-American Council,” University of Kentucky: Notable Kentucky African Americans Database, March 15, 2023. Accessed April 18, 2024. https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2229.
Lange, Greg. “African Americans used as strikebreakers at the Franklin coal mines starting on May 17, 1891,” History Link, January 1, 2000. https://historylink.org/File/1941.
Meier, August. “The Negro and the Democratic Party, 1875-1915.” Phylon (1940-1956) 17, no. 2 (1956): 173–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/272592.
Mighetto, Lisa, Marcia Babcock Montgomery. “Chapter 3: Reaping the Profits of the Klondike Trade,” in Hard Drive to the Klondike: Promoting Seattle During the Gold Rush, A Historic Resource Study for the Seattle Unit of the Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, National Park Service, November 1998. Accessed April 10, 2024. http://npshistory.com/publications/klse/hrs/chap3.htm.
Mumford, Esther Hall. Seattle's Black Victorians 1852-1901, Seattle: Ananse Press, 1980.
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Mouser, Joseph. “The United States Colored Troops (1863-1865),” BlackPast, July 22, 2017. Accessed April 1, 2024. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/united-states-colored-troops-1863-1865/.
“N.A.A.C. The National Afro-American Council,” The Appeal: Saint Paul and Minneapolis, July 19, 1902. Accessed April 18, 2024. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016810/1902-07-19/ed-1/seq-1/.
National Afro-American Council, Daniel Alexander Payne Murray, and Daniel Murray Pamphlet Collection. The National Afro-American Council, organized . A history of the organization, its objects, synopses of proceedings, constitution and by-laws, plan of organization, annual topics, etc. comp. by Adams, Cyrus Field Washington, D.C., C. F. Adams, 1902. Accessed April 18, 2024. https://www.loc.gov/item/12002893/.
National Museum of African American History and Culture. “Prince Hall Masons.” Accessed April 18, 2024. https://www.searchablemuseum.com/prince-hall-masons.
“The Colored Voters Are Still Republicans ‘16 to 1,’” The Seattle Republican, October 26, 2001. Accessed April 18, 2024. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84025811/1900-10-26/ed-1/seq-1/.
Thornbrough, Emma Lou. “The National Afro-American League, 1887-1908.” The Journal of Southern History 27, no. 4 (1961): 494–512. https://doi.org/10.2307/2204311.
Washington State Civil War Association. “Gideon S. Bailey,” Union Veterans Buried in Washington State. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.civilwarvetswastate.com/veterans/detail.html?veteranid=543.
“What Was the Klondike Gold Rush?,” Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, National Park Service, December 16, 2021. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/klgo/learn/goldrush.htm.
Gilford P. Hervey
“African-American Soldiers During the Civil War.” Library of Congress. Accessed March 18, 2024. https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/civil-war-and-reconstruction-1861-1877/african-american-soldiers-during-the-civil-war/.
“Battle Detail: Memphis II.” National Park Service. Accessed March 20, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battles-detail.htm?battleCode=tn031#:~:text=Description%3A,occupied%20by%206%2C000%20Federal%20troops..
“Emancipation Proclamation (1863).” Milestone Documents, United States National Archives, May 10, 2022. Accessed March 20, 2024. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/emancipation-proclamation.
Foreman, P. Gabrielle. “Writing About Slavery / Teaching about Slavery: A Community Sourced Document.” Accessed March 15, 2024. https://www.pgabrielleforeman.com/writing-about-slavery-guide.
Gregory, James. “The Great Migration (African American).” Civil Rights and Labor Consortium, University of Washington, 2022. Accessed MArch 19, 2024. https://depts.washington.edu/moving1/black_migration.shtml.
“Hervey, Gilford.” Soldier Details, National Park Service. Accessed March 20, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-soldiers-detail.htm?soldierId=722613A8-DC7A-DF11-BF36-B8AC6F5D926A.
“Immediate Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation.” Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Accessed March 20, 2024. https://www.portal.hsp.org/unit-plan-items/unit-plan-34#:~:text=The%20Emancipation%20Proclamation%20was%20an,increasing%20the%20Union's%20available%20manpower.
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Iwasaki, John. “Women’s Genealogy Search Yields Enormous Discovery.” The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 4, 2004. Accessed February 14, 2024. https://www.seattlepi.com/seattlenews/article/women-s-genealogy-search-yields-enormous-discovery-1138694.php.
Lawson, Jaqueline. “Gilford P. Hervey (1836-1920).” BlackPast, August 8, 2007. Accessed March 18, 2024. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/hervey-gilford-p-1836-1920/.
“The Great Migration 1910 to 1970.” United States Census Bureau, September 13, 2012. Accessed March 19, 2024. https://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/020/.
Percoco, Jim. “The United States Colored Troops.” American Battlefield Trust. Accessed March 19, 2024. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/united-states-colored-troops.
Veterans Administration Pension Payment Cards, 1907-1933. Gilford Hervey.
History of GAR Cemetery Park & Cemetery Walk
“A Brief History of the Grand Army of the Republic.” Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, 2023. Accessed January 15, 2024. https://suvcw.org/brief-history-of-the-grand-army-of-the-republic.
“Insignia and Swords of the US Army.” New York State Library, February 28, 2023. Accessed April 18, 2024. https://nyslibrary.libguides.com/cwillustrations/insigniaarmy.
Ethan Morgan, interview by Katherine Hinman, January 26, 2024.
“GAR Medal.” Grand Army of the Republic Hall and Museum, September 16, 2019. Accessed April 18, 2024. https://garlynn.org/gar-emblem/.
Halpern, Adam. “David Kaufman, the GAR Cemetery, and a Search for Answers,” Nizkor: Newsletter of the Washington State Jewish Historical Society, Washington State Jewish Historical Society, Winter 2004, 3-5,10.
Holmes, Oliver Wendell. “Memorial Day Speech - 1884.” May 30 1884. Transcript via Speakola. https://speakola.com/ideas/oliver-wendell-holmes-memorial-day-speech-1884.
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Jim Dimond, interview by Katherine Hinman, February 27, 2024.
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Kratz, Jessie. “The Nation’s Sacrifice: The Origins and Evolution of Memorial Day.” Pieces of History, United States National Archive, May 24, 2018. Accessed May 14, 2024. https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2018/05/24/the-nations-sacrifice-the-origins-and-evolution-of-memorial-day/.
Logan, John A. “Memorial Day Order.” Grand Army of the Republic, May 5, 1868.
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Loran Bures, interview by Katherine Hinman, February 5, 2024.
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PrintMag. “12 Pieces of Vintage Memorial Day Ephemera.” Print, May 25, 2020. Accessed May 14, 2024. https://www.printmag.com/history/pieces-of-vintage-memorial-day-decoration-day-ephemera/.
The Seattle Post Intelligencer, August 2, 1883.
“Three Burial Lots.” The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, January 28, 1896: 2.
“Treaty of Point Elliott.” Duwamish Tribe, 2018. Accessed January 25, 2024. https://www.duwamishtribe.org/treaty-of-point-elliott.
Wright, Don. “Times Troubleshooter.” The Seattle Times, October 16, 1966.
Susan Ann Baird
“Bristol, Levi E.” Soldier Details, National Park Service. Accessed May 16, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-soldiers-detail.htm?soldierId=91A49F83-DC7A-DF11-BF36-B8AC6F5D926A.
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Clawson, Venlora Taylor. “Augusta Elva George Taylor Clawson.” 2014. Accessed May 14, 2024. https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/memories/KWZM-DY7.
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